Book 10 Test 3 Passage 1

Paragraph A

Sentence 1:

“Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival.”

Punctuation Explanation:

Sentence 2:

“Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations.”

Sentence 3:

“In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure.”

Sentence 4:

“Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome.”

Sentence 5:

“Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.”

Summary of Paragraph A:
The paragraph discusses the early history of travel, emphasizing that it began for survival and later evolved to include leisure and other motivations. Travel has influenced civilizations’ growth, except during certain historical periods.

Paragraph B

Sentence 1:

“Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon.”

Sentence 2:

“Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation.”

Sentence 3:

“The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel.”

Sentence 4:

“This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism.”

Sentence 5:

“In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.”

Summary of Paragraph B:
Mass tourism developed in the 20th century, initially in England, and expanded globally after WWII due to air travel advancements. Governments became involved in tourism for its economic benefits, such as job creation and foreign exchange.

Paragraph C

  1. Sentence 1:

    “Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance.”

    • Subject: “Tourism today”
    • Verb: “has grown”
    • Chunks: “significantly in both economic and social importance”
    • Meaning: Modern tourism has become highly important economically and socially.
  2. Sentence 2:

    “In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services.”

    • Subject: “The fastest growth”
    • Verb: “has been seen”
    • Chunks: “in most industrialised countries over the past few years” (time and location), “in the area of services” (specific area of growth)
    • Meaning: Recently, the service sector has expanded the most in developed countries.
  3. Sentence 3:

    “One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism.”

    • Subject: “One of the largest segments of the service industry”
    • Verb: “is”
    • Chunks: “although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries” (relative clause describing how tourism is viewed in some countries)
    • Meaning: Travel and tourism are major parts of the service industry, though some countries don’t view them as distinct sectors.
  4. Sentence 4:

    “According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions.’”

    • Subject: “Travel and tourism”
    • Verb: “is”
    • Meaning: The Council declared that travel and tourism are the world’s largest industry based on indicators like investment and employment.
  5. Sentence 5:

    “In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending.”

    • Subject: “The industry’s gross output”
    • Verb: “was estimated”
    • Chunks: “to be $3.5 trillion” (estimated value), “over 12 per cent of all consumer spending” (percentage of global consumer expenditure)
    • Meaning: In 1992, tourism’s global revenue was about $3.5 trillion, comprising a notable share of consumer spending.
  6. Sentence 6:

    “The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees.”

    • Subject: “The travel and tourism industry”
    • Verb: “is”
    • Meaning: Tourism is the top employment sector, with nearly 130 million jobs worldwide.
  7. Sentence 7:

    “This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year.”

    • Subject: “This industry”
    • Verb: “is”
    • Chunks: “producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product” (global output contribution), “accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion” (investment in taxes)
    • Meaning: Tourism significantly boosts the global economy, contributing a large portion of the gross national product and substantial investments in taxes.
  8. Sentence 8:

    “Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.”

    • Subject: “Tourism”
    • Verb: “has”
    • Chunks: “both on the world economy” (economic influence), “and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself” (social impact)
    • Meaning: Tourism affects both the economy and society, helping to educate people and providing employment opportunities.

Summary of Paragraph C:
Tourism has become a crucial part of the global economy and society, providing jobs, fostering learning, and positively influencing social structures. It is recognized as one of the largest industries worldwide, supporting substantial employment and investments.

Paragraph D

  1. Sentence 1:

    “However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself.”

    • Subject: “The major problems”
    • Verb: “are”
    • Chunks: “of the travel and tourism industry” (refers to tourism), “that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact” (explains how these problems affect understanding), “the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself” (main issues)
    • Meaning: Tourism’s diverse structure complicates efforts to understand its full economic impact.
  2. Sentence 2:

    “The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation, restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities, amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises.”

    • Subject: “The travel industry”
    • Verb: “includes”
    • Meaning: Tourism encompasses many different services, from accommodations and dining to attractions and shops.
  3. Sentence 3:

    “Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated.”

    • Subject: “The impact of spending by visitors”
    • Verb: “can be overlooked or underestimated”
    • Chunks: “Since many of these businesses also serve local residents” (reason why tourism spending may be underestimated)
    • Meaning: Because tourism-related businesses also serve locals, it’s easy to undervalue the spending of tourists.
  4. Sentence 4:

    “In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.”

    • Subject: “The tourism industry”
    • Verb: “involves”
    • Chunks: “concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers” (concepts in tourism that are hard to define)
    • Meaning: Some aspects of tourism are difficult for experts to define or quantify, adding to the industry’s complexity.
  5. Sentence 5:

    “Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies.”

    • Subject: “This problem”
    • Verb: “has made”
    • Chunks: “it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base” (the problem’s effect), “in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies” (reason accurate data is needed)
    • Meaning: The challenges in defining tourism make it hard to measure its economic contributions accurately.
  6. Sentence 6:

    “However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.”

    • Subject: “The nature of this very diversity”
    • Verb: “makes”
    • Chunks: “travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development” (suggests tourism’s potential), “in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities” (global scope of economic impact)
    • Meaning: The varied aspects of tourism make it a powerful tool for economic growth in different areas and communities worldwide.

Summary of Paragraph D:
Despite its complexity and measurement challenges, tourism’s diverse structure allows it to contribute to economic development in many regions, making it a valuable industry globally.

Paragraph E

Sentence 1:

“Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population.”

Sentence 2:

“In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries it ranks second or third.”

Sentence 3:

“For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries.”

Sentence 4:

“In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States.”

Sentence 5:

“However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.”

Sentence 6:

“In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.”

Summary of Paragraph E:
Tourism, once a luxury limited to the wealthy, has become widespread and crucial to national economies. It ranks as one of the top commodities in international trade and is the largest employer in numerous countries. However, defining and measuring tourism accurately is challenging, which makes it difficult to determine its full economic impact both globally and domestically.